Kepler had what is now known as "kinematics" - a description of motion with an explanation. The "spring law" of Hooke is of the same character. What Newton did was derive the kinematical laws from a 1st principle, that the acceleration of a body is proportional to the impressed force, which in Newton is a primitive concept. So, what Newton did was create a brand new thing, a dynamical theory of matter itself based on the idea of force. Kepler's "laws" are then just a special case for a centripetal (pointing to the center) acceleration that has a strength inversely proportional to the distance.

Today we have theories that are totally kinematic (strings), partially kinematic (gauge theories of weak and strong interactions), almost dynamic (gravitation), and totally dynamic (electrodynamics). The impetus is toward dynamical theories in which everything is reduced to a basic principle.

(Gravitation in Einstein's form fails to be completely dynamic because direction is a localized concept, while length is not.)