Presumably it will work outside as well.

E.g. https://homesteady.com/12616823/how-to-install-fiber-optics-into-a-concrete-surface

There are lots of YouTube videos as well.

Optical fibers are just glass (or plastic). There should be no issue with using them in concrete. The various ties to keep them in the position you want (one video (part 2 of 23 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKwnE-uHI5A ) shows them using nylon cable ties to tie them to the steel wire grid) may have more impact on the concrete strength (presumably small ties are better).

There are also optical fibers that are designed to be "leaky" so that the side of the fiber lights up. I don't know much about them.

https://bllighting.com/product-types/optical-fiber/ seems to be a decent site for professional products. (They're in Vancouver but have US distributors.) Even if you don't want to use stuff like that, it might help you know what is available and what to look for. (via - https://www.ecmag.com/section/fiber-optics/fiber-optics-lighting )

Presumably you want to seal the surface as well as you can once the concrete has cured (the concrete and glass/plastic may expand at different rates, giving a path for water to get in and eventual cracking, etc.).

I cannot recommend any brands, etc. Your Google-fu is as good as mine.

Sounds like a fun project, but it also sounds like you don't have much time!

Good luck!

Cheers,
Scott.