If booted from a Live/Rescue CD, make sure your Linux install is mounted somewhere like /sysimage/root and that the "/boot" directory is properly mounted as well if its a separate filesystem (/sysimage/root/boot) and it has the proper files in it (kernel, initrd, /sysimage/root/boot/grub/, etc...)
do a "grub-install --help" and make sure you are using the proper arguments, but effectively you'll need to do this:
grub-install --root-directory=/sysimage/root /dev/hda
Ensuring /dev/hda is the right device according to the Live/Rescue CD. Oh one other thing get a Live/Rescue CD that has the proper version of grub on it as well... (your Linux Version installed should probably be good one to use.)