When people are deprived of conscious self-control in the studies, large numbers of Americans show automatic biases that can be picked up by brain imaging or by the startle reflex, as measured by blinking. Brain imaging studies show that when volunteers see photographs drawn from college yearbooks, black faces often trigger a larger response in the amygdala, which is involved in the regulation of fear.
But you don't need complicated machinery. One experiment found that when volunteers in a group were confronted with an emergency situation, 75 percent came to the help of a white victim, but only 38 percent came to the aid of a black victim. Confronted by the results, people denied that racial bias had anything to do with it.
Were they all lying? Some people do harbor deliberate prejudice, but it appears that most people are sincere in believing they are not biased.
Another tool developed by Nosek and others detects unthinking bias by measuring the speed of people's mental associations. Millions have taken the Implicit Association Test. Large majorities of Americans, including people of color and other minorities, show a variety of biases they believe they do not have.
The Implicit Association Tests are [link|https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/|here]. It's not really surprising that we have biases that we aren't aware of. I wonder, though, how much of our actions are determined by unconscious versus conscious bias. For instance, it's hard for me to believe that Allen's "macaca" comment was due to unconscious bias rather than a desire to bully someone who wasn't part of his team.
Cheers,
Scott.
(Who the has a "moderate" bias against Arab-Muslims, according to the test. :-( )