The real driver for higher premiums is insurance company profit. Which, as you and Ben rightly point out, is tied to market returns. It's been a while since I worked for an HMO (2000), but back then - and I realize this is a state issue - we had to have 6 weeks of claims in reserve. For all my ranting, I realize that physician salaries, while excessive, are not going to solve the problem. Ultimately, I think my old CFO put his finger on it when he said, "The real problem with healthcare is that we spend 80% of the money we spend on healthcare in our last two months of life. If people could just accept that dying is a consequence of being born, we could save a ton of money."