Re: Possible, but unlikely - HISTORY OF BASQUE REGION
Blaming the Basques :-)
Looking at this in a detached fashion, seems to me to 'convenient' that Al-Q gets the blame. The finding of detonators & Ko'ranic tape is just too 'cute'
Re Basques & their survivability ...
Spain fell to Islamic invasion back in 7th century largely because Roderick (the main contender for the title 'king of spain') was off fighting the Basques in the north & left the south largely undefended.
By the time he was able to come back to oppose the invaders it was to late as they along with 'turncoats' from his own side defeated him & thus began the Andalusian dream.
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[link|http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/his/EIGELA01.HIS|http://muweb.millers.../his/EIGELA01.HIS]
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In the year following that exploratory raid the Muslims
crossed the strait again, but this time in force. Some 7,000 men
led by Tariq ibn Ziyad landed at Gibraltar--Jabal Tariq in
Arabic--and caught the Visigothic Christian rulers of Spain off
guard. Their king, Roderick, fighting Basques in the north,
quickly turned south with his army and, despite Muslim reinforce-
ments from North Africa, soon gained the initiative and launched
an attack near the present-day town of Algeciras. The battle was
going well for the Christians when, according to Muslim sources,
the two flanks of Roderick's army, commanded by Roderick's
rivals, broke away and joined the invaders. The Muslims won the
day.
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The Basques are an ancient people ...
[link|http://www.hyw.com/books/history/Celts__B.htm|http://www.hyw.com/b...tory/Celts__B.htm]
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While the Roman and German influence essentially defined Medieval culture, there were other ethnic groups around who had some impact, and left some reminders of their presence. The chief among these also-rans were the Celts, Basques ,and Picts. The latter two groups belonged to the original human inhabitants of Europe, people who, several millenia B.C. had established themselves and their cultures throughout Europe.
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Basques resist Berber invasion (Islamic conquest)
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The only parts of the peninsula relatively untouched by the Muslim invasion were the mountainous regions of the far north in the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges. These areas had never been fully integrated into either of the preceding Hispanic political communities, Roman or Visigothic. The native Cantabrian and Basque populations stoutly resisted outside domination, though the Cantabrians had been partially Romanized and had reached a modus vivendi with the Visigoths.
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Spain's Basquet case: A history of the Basques
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(bsks) (KEY) , people of N Spain and SW France. There are about 2 million Basques in the three Basque provs. and Navarre, Spain; some 250,000 in Labourd, Soule, and Lower Navarre, France; and communities of various sizes in Central and South America and other parts of the world. Many preserve their ancient language, which is unrelated to any other tongue. They have guarded their ancient customs and traditions, although they have played a prominent role in the history of Spain and France. 1
The origin of the Basques, almost certainly the oldest surviving ethnic group in Europe, has not yet been determined, but they antedate the ancient Iberian tribes of Spain, with which they have been erroneously identified. Genetically and culturally, the Basque population has been relatively isolated and distinct, perhaps since Paleolithic times. Primarily free peasants, shepherds, fishermen, navigators, miners, and metalworkers, the Basques have also produced such figures as St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and Francisco de Vitoria. 2
History
Before Roman times, the Basque tribes, little organized politically, extended farther to the north and south than at present. But the core of the Basque country resisted Romanization and was only nominally subject to Roman rule. Christianity was slow in penetrating (3d\ufffd5th cent.). Once converted, the Basques remained fervent Roman Catholics, but they have retained a certain tradition of independence from the hierarchies of Spain and France. 3
The Basques withstood domination by the Visigoths and Franks. Late in the 6th cent. they took advantage of the anarchy prevailing in the Frankish kingdom and expanded northward, occupying present-day Gascony (Lat. Vasconia), to which they gave their name. The duchy of Vasconia, formed in 601 and chronically at war with the Franks, Visigoths, and Moors, was closely associated with, and at times dominated by, Aquitaine. In 778 the Basques, who had just been reduced to nominal vassalage by Charlemagne, destroyed the Frankish rear guard at Roncesvalles, but they subsequently recognized Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, as their suzerain. 4
The duchy of Gascony continued, but the Basques early in the 9th cent. concentrated in their present habitat and in 824 founded, at Pamplona, the kingdom of Navarre, which under Sancho III (1000\ufffd1035) united almost all the Basques. Although Castile acquired Guip\ufffdzcoa (1200), \ufffdlava (1332), and Vizcaya (1370), the Castilian kings recognized the wide democratic rights enjoyed by the Basques. Guernica was the traditional location of Basque assemblies. 5
With the conquest (1512) of Navarre by Ferdinand the Catholic, the Basques lost their last independent stronghold. After the 16th cent., Basque prosperity declined and emigration became common, especially in the 19th cent. Basque privileges remained in force under the Spanish monarchy, but in 1873 they were abolished because of the Basques\ufffd pro-Carlist stand in the Carlist Wars. To regain autonomy, the Basques supported nearly every political movement directed against the central authority. 6
In the civil war of 1936\ufffd39, the Basque provs., not including Navarre, defended the republican government, under which they had autonomous status; the Basques of Navarre supported the Franco forces. The Franco government, once in power, for the most part discouraged Basque political and cultural autonomy, but Basque nationalism retained its appeal to the Basques, and they continued to wage their fight for self-determination. 7
Following Spain\ufffds return to democracy, limited autonomy was granted to the region, and in 1980 the first Basque parliament was elected. Nonetheless, terrorist activities by the Basque separatist organization, Basque Homeland and Freedom (Euzkadi Ta Azkatasuna; ETA), which had begun in 1968, continued, ultimately killing about 800 people by the end of the 1990s, many of them police officers and soldiers. From 1983 to 1987 a secret government-sponsored death squad killed 27 and wounded about 30, most members of the ETA. 8
Basque nationalism, often involving unrest and violence by and against the ETA, has continued, but Basque terrorists and a separatist party lost some popular support in the 1990s. In 1996, Spanish and French officials agreed on joint measures to crack down on the terrorist group; a cease-fire (1998\ufffd99) by the ETA failed to lead to a peace accord. In 2001, Basque nationalist candidates won more than 50% of the vote in the regional parliamentary elections, but only about 10% supported the party aligned with the ETA. In 2002 that political party, then called Batasuna, was accused of collaborating with the ETA and suspended for three years; it was permanently banned the following year. There is also strong support among French Basques for political automony.
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