Given a simple if statement with one condition there are 2 pathways - one if the statement is true, another if it is false.
However, given a if statement with two conditions there are 4 pathways.
con1 = true con2 = true | con1 = false con2 = true |
con1 = true con2 = false | con1 = false con2 = false |
Same measurement is used for while loops.
Case statements would have X + 1 conditions where X is the number of possible values the condition can switch on plus the default condition.